Overview
The American Local Elections Study (ALES) is a regular post-election survey of the residents of medium- and large-sized cities and counties in the United States, covering hundreds of local races between 2020 and 2025. Survey items have been grouped thematically, and are designed to capture residents’ preferences for both federal and urban policy, their experiences and satisfaction with public services, their evaluations of elected officials, and their vote choices for elections from county executive to president.
Dataset: ales_full.rds
| Total respondents |
34,106 |
| Total variables |
585 |
| Survey waves |
November 2020, April 2021, November 2021, November 2022, November 2023, November 2025 |
| Years covered |
2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025 (no survey in 2024) |
| Sample frames |
130 cities and counties across the United States (plus a national sample) |
Respondents per wave:
| april_2021 |
189 |
| nov_2020 |
4,643 |
| nov_2021 |
6,206 |
| nov_2022 |
11,771 |
| nov_2023 |
3,434 |
| nov_2025 |
7,863 |
Variable Naming Conventions
Most survey items appear in multiple column variants. The base variable name (e.g., fedpol_build_wall) is extended with a suffix indicating the column type:
_n |
Numeric, scaled 0–1 |
fedpol_build_wall_n |
_n_r |
Numeric, reverse-coded, scaled 0–1 |
fedpol_build_wall_n_r |
_oc |
Ordered categorical (factor) |
fedpol_build_wall_oc |
_bin |
Binary indicator (0/1 integer) |
approve_mayor_bin |
We use consistent abbreviations when constructing variable names:
dem |
Democrat |
rep |
Republican |
inc |
Incumbent |
countyexec |
County Executive |
gov |
Governor |
house |
U.S. Representative |
pres |
President |
sen |
U.S. Senator |
For numeric (_n / _n_r) columns, values are scaled to the 0–1 interval where 0 represents the first response option and 1 represents the last. Reverse-coded items (_n_r) are flipped so that higher values consistently indicate the conservative or anti-regulation direction. The ordered categorical (_oc) columns are never reverse-coded.
Missingness Conventions
The dataset distinguishes three types of missing data:
Numeric columns (_n, _n_r, _bin):
-1 |
Don’t Know – respondent saw the question and chose the DK option |
-2 |
Skipped – respondent saw the question but left it blank |
NA |
Not Asked – question was not in the respondent’s survey wave or not applicable |
-3 |
“This office doesn’t exist in my city or town” (approval questions only) |
Categorical columns (_oc):
"Don't know" |
Respondent chose DK (only present as a factor level when DK was an option) |
"Skipped" |
Respondent left the question blank |
"This office doesn't exist in my city or town" |
Approval questions only |
NA |
Not Asked – question not in wave or not applicable |
Survey Weights
[INSERT DESCRIPTION OF WEIGHTING APPROACH HERE]
Survey Administration
These variables identify each response and provide metadata about survey completion.
response_id
|
|
Unique Qualtrics response identifier
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
year
|
|
Year the survey was administered (2020, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2025)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
start_date
|
|
Date (YYYY-MM-DD) the respondent started the survey
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
end_date
|
|
Date (YYYY-MM-DD) the respondent finished the survey
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
finished
|
|
Whether the respondent reached the end of the survey (1 = yes, 0 = no)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
progress
|
|
Furthest percentage of the survey completed (1–100)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
survey_time
|
|
Survey duration in minutes, computed as (end_date − start_date) / 60
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
sample
|
|
Sample type [Local, National]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
Geography
Geographic identifiers for each respondent’s sampling location and state.
sample_frame
|
|
City or county where the respondent was sampled (130 unique locations; ‘National’ for national sample respondents)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
sample_frame_fips
|
|
Census FIPS code for the sample frame (5-digit county FIPS or 7-digit place FIPS)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 25,897
|
election_frame
|
|
Election jurisdiction used for vote-choice questions; differs from sample_frame only for Maricopa County respondents in Gilbert, Phoenix, or Scottsdale
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 75
|
election_frame_fips
|
|
Census place FIPS code for the election frame jurisdiction
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 75
|
place_type
|
|
Whether the sample frame is a ‘City’ or ‘County’ [City, County]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 23,524
|
state_fips
|
|
Two-digit state FIPS code
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
state_name
|
|
Full state name
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,105
|
state_usps
|
|
Two-letter USPS state abbreviation
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,105
|
zipcode
|
|
Respondent’s ZIP code at time of survey
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
zip_previous
|
|
Respondent’s self-reported prior ZIP code (if moved in last 5 years)
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,275
|
Demographics
Respondent demographic characteristics including age, sex, race, education, income, and household composition.
age
|
|
Respondent’s age in years (18–99)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,105
|
sex
|
|
Respondent’s sex [Female, Male]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
female_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = Female, 0 = Male
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
race
|
|
Respondent’s race [White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Other]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,101
|
ethnicity
|
|
Respondent’s ethnicity [Hispanic, Non hispanic]
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 23,065
|
race_black_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = Black, 0 = otherwise
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
race_white_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = White, 0 = otherwise
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
race_hispanic_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = Hispanic, 0 = otherwise
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,104
|
educ
|
|
Education level [Less than high school, High school degree, Some college, 2-year degree, 4-year degree, Professional degree]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 33,923
|
college_4yr_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = 4-year degree or professional degree
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
college_any_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = any postsecondary degree (2-year, 4-year, or professional)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
income
|
|
Family income on a 17-point scale rescaled to 0–1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,177
|
income_gt50k_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = family income above $50,000
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,177
|
marital_status (_n, _oc)
|
|
What is your marital status? [Married, Separated, Divorced, Widowed, Never married, Living in a civil or domestic partnership]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,252
|
child_present (_n, _oc)
|
|
Do you have any children under the age of 18? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,233
|
child_count
|
|
How many children do you have? (integer, capped at 12)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,656
|
ownrent (_n, _oc)
|
|
Thinking about the place you currently live most of the time, do you/your family… [Own your home, Pay rent, Other, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,065
|
housetype (_n, _oc)
|
|
Again, thinking about the place you currently live most of the time, which of the following best describes it? [Single-family house, Multi-family housing (for example, townhome or duplex), Apartment/Condo]
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,266
|
yearmoved
|
|
Year respondent moved to current residence
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,235
|
religion (_n, _oc)
|
|
What is your present religion, if any? [Protestant, Catholic, Mormon, Eastern or Greek Orthodox, Christian (other than the above), Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, Agnostic, Nothing in particular, Something else]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,296
|
religiosity (_oc)
|
|
Aside from weddings and funerals, how often do you attend religious services? [More than once a week, Once a week, Once or twice a month, A few times a year, Seldom, Never, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,211
|
evangelical_bin (_bin)
|
|
Would you describe yourself as a born-again or evangelical Christian, or not? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 14,973
|
Political Identity
Respondent partisanship and ideological self-placement.
pid
|
|
Generally speaking, do you think of yourself as a… [Democrat, Republican, Independent, Other, Not sure]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,487
|
dem_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = Democrat (from pid), 0 = otherwise
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,487
|
rep_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = Republican (from pid), 0 = otherwise
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,487
|
ideo_3 (_n, _oc)
|
Three-category ideology [Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, Not sure] (has _n/_oc variants)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,325
|
ideo_5 (_n, _oc)
|
Thinking about politics these days, how would you describe your own political viewpoint? [Very Liberal, Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, Very Conservative, Not sure] (has _n/_oc variants)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,325
|
strong_dem (_bin)
|
|
Would you call yourself a strong Democrat or a not very strong Democrat? [Strong Democrat, Not very strong Democrat]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 12,040
|
strong_rep (_bin)
|
|
Would you call yourself a strong Republican or a not very strong Republican? [Strong Republican, Not very strong Republican]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,478
|
pid_lean
|
|
Do you think of yourself as closer to the Democratic or the Republican Party? [Democratic Party, Republican Party, Neither]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,947
|
Political Knowledge
Four factual knowledge questions about U.S. politics, scored for correctness. Correct answers are coded 1, incorrect answers 0. Blank/skipped responses are treated as incorrect.
polinfo1
|
|
Correctly identified length of a U.S. Senate term in years [1 = correct, 0 = incorrect]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,733
|
polinfo2
|
|
Correctly identified party controlling the U.S. House, 0 = incorrect]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,863
|
polinfo3
|
|
Correctly identified Rishi Sunak/Keir Starmer as the Prime Minister of the UK [1 = correct, 0 = incorrect]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,747
|
polinfo4
|
|
Correctly identified Neil Gorsuch as a Supreme Court Justice [1 = correct, 0 = incorrect]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,296
|
polinfo
|
|
Sum of correct answers across polinfo1–4 (range: 0–4)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
polinfo_rescale
|
|
Mean of correct answers across non-missing polinfo items (range: 0–1); divides by count of items the respondent answered
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,915
|
Federal Policy Preferences
Do you favor or oppose the following?
Response options: [Strongly favor, Somewhat favor, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose]
|
fedpol_abolish_insurance (_n, _oc)
|
|
Abolishing private health insurance and replacing it with government run health insurance
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,107
|
fedpol_build_wall (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Building a wall on the U.S. border with Mexico (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,104
|
fedpol_carbon_cap (_n, _oc)
|
|
Capping carbon emissions to combat climate change
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,102
|
fedpol_dreamers_work (_n, _oc)
|
|
Allowing young adults who were brought to the United States illegally as children to stay and work here legally
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,113
|
fedpol_gay_marriage (_n, _oc)
|
|
Allowing gays and lesbians to marry legally
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,100
|
fedpol_infrabill (_n, _oc)
|
|
The bill recently passed by Congress and signed into law by President Biden that encourages production of green technology, lowers healthcare premiums, and reduces the deficit
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 27,488
|
fedpol_minwage_raise (_n, _oc)
|
|
Raising the minimum wage to $15/hour
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,103
|
fedpol_obbba (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,105
|
fedpol_path_citizenship (_n, _oc)
|
|
Providing a legal way for illegal immigrants already in the United States to become U.S. citizens
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,100
|
fedpol_reparations (_n, _oc)
|
|
Granting reparations payments to the descendents of slaves
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,085
|
fedpol_tax_rich (_n, _oc)
|
|
Raising taxes on families with incomes over $200,000 per year
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,096
|
fedpol_tcja (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
The tax plan that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Trump (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 24,989
|
Additional federal policy items, each with its own response scale:
abortion (_n, _oc)
|
|
Do you think abortion should be… [Legal in all cases, Legal/illegal in some cases, Illegal in all cases, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,115
|
aca (_n, _oc)
|
|
Do you have a generally favorable or generally unfavorable opinion of the 2010 health care law? [Very favorable, Somewhat favorable, Somewhat unfavorable, Very unfavorable, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 18,417
|
guaranteed_insurance (_n, _oc)
|
|
Do you think it is the responsibility of the federal government to see to it that everyone has health care coverage? [Yes, No, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,055
|
gunlaws (_n, _oc)
|
|
Gun law preference [Make gun laws more strict, No change, Make gun laws less strict]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,408
|
regulate_business (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
In general, do you think there is too much or too little regulation of business by the government? [Too much, About the right amount, Too little, Don’t know] (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 27,864
|
trade (_n, _oc)
|
|
Do you favor or oppose increasing trade with other nations? [Strongly favor, Somewhat favor, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 27,530
|
Federal Spending Preferences
Do you think that federal government spending in these areas should be increased, decreased, or kept the same?
Response options: [Increased, Kept the same, Decreased] [Don’t know]
|
fedspending_aidpoor (_n, _oc)
|
|
Aid to the poor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,149
|
fedspending_defense (_n, _oc)
|
|
National defense
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,843
|
fedspending_educ (_n, _oc)
|
|
Education
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,225
|
fedspending_envir (_n, _oc)
|
|
The environment
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,238
|
fedspending_housing (_n, _oc)
|
|
Housing
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,994
|
fedspending_infra (_n, _oc)
|
|
Infrastructure (roads, bridges, etc.)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,043
|
fedspending_medicaid (_n, _oc)
|
|
Medicaid
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,677
|
fedspending_medicare (_n, _oc)
|
|
Medicare
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,078
|
fedspending_police (_n, _oc)
|
|
Police
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,947
|
fedspending_science (_n, _oc)
|
|
Science and technology
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,685
|
fedspending_socsec (_n, _oc)
|
|
Social Security
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,041
|
fedspending_unemp (_n, _oc)
|
|
Unemployment benefits
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,918
|
fedspending_vets (_n, _oc)
|
|
Veterans’ benefits
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,019
|
Local Policy Positions
Note: The wording of the ICE compliance question (locpol_ICEcomply) was changed in 2025 to: “Allowing local law enforcement to cooperate with federal immigration authorities to deport people who are in the country illegally”
Do you favor or oppose the following possible actions by your local government?
Response options: [Strongly favor, Somewhat favor, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose] [Don’t know]
|
locpol_ICEcomply (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Declaring that local law enforcement will cooperate with federal immigration authorities (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,296
|
locpol_allowsmoking (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Allow smoking in bars and restaurants (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,431
|
locpol_banbooks (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Allowing school districts to ban books that contain content about racism, sexuality, or gender identity in libraries or school curriculum (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,959
|
locpol_bansmoking (_n, _oc)
|
|
Banning smoking in bars and restaurants
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 22,415
|
locpol_bizclimate (_n, _oc)
|
|
Requiring local businesses to take steps to mitigate climate change
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 27,036
|
locpol_bodycams (_n, _oc)
|
|
Requiring police to wear body cameras
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,909
|
locpol_charterschools (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Allowing the formation of charter schools, which are publicly funded but not managed by the local school board (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 24,868
|
locpol_crt (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Preventing local schools from teaching about critical race theory (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 22,088
|
locpol_encamp (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Clearing homeless encampments (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,873
|
locpol_evcharge (_n, _oc)
|
|
Installing electric vehicle charging stations at libraries, parks, and other public facilities
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,076
|
locpol_househomeless (_n, _oc)
|
|
Offering subsidized housing to the homeless
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,276
|
locpol_lgbtdiscrim (_n, _oc)
|
|
Forbidding discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 22,313
|
locpol_lgbtrefuse (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Allowing small business owners to refuse to provide services or products to gay, lesbian, or transgender people (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,085
|
locpol_neckrestr (_n, _oc)
|
|
Banning neck restraints by police officers
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,935
|
locpol_nonprosecution (_n, _oc)
|
|
Not prosecuting nonviolent offenses such as shoplifting, disorderly conduct, or driving without a license
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 23,669
|
locpol_parkmin (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Require developers to set aside park and green space minimums (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,872
|
locpol_pensions (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Reducing pensions for government employees (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,134
|
locpol_policescope (_n, _oc)
|
|
Decreasing the size of the police force and the scope of their work
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 23,582
|
locpol_qualimm (_n, _oc)
|
|
Ending qualified immunity, the rule that protects law enforcement officers from liability for their actions unless they clearly violate the law
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,692
|
locpol_racediscrim (_n, _oc)
|
|
Forbidding discrimination on the basis of race or ethnicity
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,233
|
locpol_recycling (_n, _oc)
|
|
Requiring residents to recycle aluminum cans and glass bottles
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,359
|
locpol_rentcontrol (_n, _oc)
|
|
Limiting how much landlords can raise their tenants’ rent each year
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,965
|
locpol_schoolboundary (_n, _oc)
|
|
Balancing the racial composition of local schools when drawing school boundaries
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,581
|
locpol_subtransit (_n, _oc)
|
|
Subsidizing public transportation for low-income people
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,093
|
locpol_taxbreaks (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Giving tax breaks to businesses that move to your town (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 25,861
|
locpol_teachertenure (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Eliminating tenure (lifetime employment) for school teachers (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 25,797
|
locpol_trans_parentnotify (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Requiring teachers to tell parents if their child asks to be identified as a gender other than their assigned sex at birth (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,623
|
Additional local policy items, each with its own response scale:
housing_discrim (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Suppose there is a community-wide vote on a general housing issue. There are two possible laws to vote on. One law says that a homeowner can decide for him/herself whom to sell his house to, even if he prefers not to sell to African Americans or Latinos. The second law says that a homeowner cannot refuse to sell to someone because of their race, ethnicity, or color. Which law would you vote for? [Homeowner decides for him/herself, Homeowner cannot refuse based on race, Don’t know] (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,164
|
housing_tradeoff (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Which of the following statements about multifamily housing, such as apartment buildings, comes closer to your view, even if neither is exactly right? [Multifamily housing should be allowed everywhere, Multifamily housing should be allowed only in dense areas] (reverse-coded in later waves; earlier waves use raw codes)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 20,724
|
housing_voterapprove (_n, _oc)
|
|
When a major new housing development is considered by a city government, do you think that it should have to be approved by voters or should the city government be able to approve it without a vote of the people? [Yes, voter approval required; No, city government approves without a vote; Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,553
|
transit_buslanes (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Please rate how strongly you agree or disagree with the following statement: It is important to improve my city’s bus system reliability with bus priority lanes, even if it means sacrificing driving lanes and/or parking. [Strongly disagree, Somewhat disagree, Somewhat agree, Strongly agree] (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,713
|
transit_speedlimits (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
To reduce congestion do you think city governments should increase speed limits, even if it means reduced safety for pedestrians? [Yes, increase speed limits; No, prioritize pedestrian safety; Don’t know] (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,225
|
electiontiming (_n, _oc)
|
Would you support legislation to move [sample_frame]’s primary and general election dates so that in the future they are held in November in the same years as federal elections? [Yes, No, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,017
|
military_fightcrime (_n, _oc)
|
|
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statement: ‘The military should participate in the fight against crime and violence in American cities.’ [Strongly disagree, Somewhat disagree, Somewhat agree, Strongly agree]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,766
|
military_yourcity (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
To what extent would you support bringing in federal troops to fight crime in your city? [Strongly support, Somewhat support, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose] (reverse-coded)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,601
|
Local Revenue Preferences
Preferences for local government revenue sources.
Do you think the amount of money that your local government raises in these areas should be increased, decreased, or kept the same?
Response options: [Increased, Kept the same, Decreased] [Don’t know]
|
locrev_fees (_n, _oc)
|
|
Fees and fines (such as parking or traffic tickets)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,516
|
locrev_inctax (_n, _oc)
|
|
Income taxes
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,270
|
locrev_proptax (_n, _oc)
|
|
Property taxes
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,392
|
locrev_salestax (_n, _oc)
|
|
Sales taxes
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,657
|
Local Spending Preferences
Preferences for local government spending.
Do you think that local government spending in these areas should be increased, decreased, or kept the same?
Response options: [Increased, Kept the same, Decreased] [Don’t know]
|
locspending_educ (_n, _oc)
|
|
Education
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,023
|
locspending_fire (_n, _oc)
|
|
Fire department
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,577
|
locspending_healthcare (_n, _oc)
|
|
Healthcare
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,746
|
locspending_housing (_n, _oc)
|
|
Housing
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,794
|
locspending_libraries (_n, _oc)
|
|
Libraries
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,683
|
locspending_parks (_n, _oc)
|
|
Parks and recreation
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,761
|
locspending_police (_n, _oc)
|
|
Police
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,673
|
locspending_roads (_n, _oc)
|
|
Roads and infrastructure
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,814
|
locspending_taxbreaks (_n, _oc)
|
|
Tax breaks for businesses
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,486
|
locspending_transit (_n, _oc)
|
|
Public transit
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,584
|
locspending_utilities (_n, _oc)
|
|
Utilities
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,689
|
Grading Local Conditions
Thinking now about your local community, how would you grade the following:
Response options: [A (excellent), B (above average), C (average), D (below average), F (poor)] [Don’t know]
|
grade_crime (_n, _oc)
|
|
The amount of crime
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,325
|
grade_economy (_n, _oc)
|
|
The economy
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,668
|
grade_housing (_n, _oc)
|
|
The cost of housing
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,365
|
grade_police (_n, _oc)
|
|
The police
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,564
|
grade_racerelations (_n, _oc)
|
|
Race relations
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 18,664
|
grade_roads (_n, _oc)
|
|
The roads
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,028
|
grade_schools (_n, _oc)
|
|
The schools
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,167
|
grade_traffic (_n, _oc)
|
|
Traffic
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,487
|
grade_zoning (_n, _oc)
|
|
Zoning and development
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,695
|
Crime Perceptions
Respondents’ perceptions of whether crime has increased, stayed the same, or decreased. Response options for all items: [More crime, About the same amount, Less crime]. Items are reverse-coded (_n_r) so that higher numeric values indicate perceiving less crime.
Note: Starting in 2025, these questions were combined into a single grid format.
crime_in_us (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Compared to a year ago, crime in the United States
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 18,782
|
crime_in_area (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Compared to a year ago, crime in your area
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 13,734
|
crime_in_city (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Compared to a year ago, crime in your city
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,991
|
crime_in_nbrhd (_n_r, _oc)
|
|
Compared to a year ago, crime in your neighborhood
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,000
|
Approval of Officials
Approval ratings for elected officials. Response options for all items: [Strongly approve, Somewhat approve, Somewhat disapprove, Strongly disapprove] [Don’t know]. An additional option, “This office doesn’t exist in my city or town,” is coded as −3 in numeric columns. Binary approval variables (_bin) collapse the scale to 1 (approve) or 0 (disapprove).
Note: In most cases, respondents were presented with the names of the incumbents along with their office title. For city council, respondents were asked about “The city or town council where you live.” In county samples, respondents were asked to evaluate “The mayor in the city or town where you live,” rather than a specific individual.
approve_biden (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of President Biden
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 6,636
|
approve_trump (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of President Trump
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,221
|
approve_gov (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s state governor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,812
|
approve_sen_1 (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s first U.S. Senator
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,483
|
approve_sen_2 (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s second U.S. Senator
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,132
|
approve_mayor (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s mayor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 8,251
|
approve_citycouncil (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s city council
|
|
Waves: nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,088
|
approve_sheriff (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s county sheriff
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,234
|
approve_prosecutor (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s local prosecutor (DA/state’s attorney)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,433
|
approve_countyexec (_bin, _n, _oc)
|
|
Approval of the respondent’s county executive
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 1,120
|
Federalism & Attribution
Questions about which figures or level of government is most responsible for various services, as well as attitudes about federal influence and local control.
In the place where you live, who do you think is most responsible for each of the following?
Response options: [The federal government, The state government, The county government, The city or town government, Another government, A private company]
|
respservice_crime (_n, _oc)
|
|
The amount of crime
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,714
|
respservice_econ (_n, _oc)
|
|
The economy
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,708
|
respservice_housing (_n, _oc)
|
|
The cost of housing
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,710
|
respservice_police (_n, _oc)
|
|
The police
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,713
|
respservice_roads (_n, _oc)
|
|
The roads
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,711
|
respservice_schools (_n, _oc)
|
|
The schools
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,718
|
respservice_traffic (_n, _oc)
|
|
Traffic
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,714
|
respservice_zone (_n, _oc)
|
|
Zoning and development
|
|
Waves: nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 9,706
|
How much control respondents believe mayors have over various aspects of policing:
Thinking about the town or city you live in, how much control do you think your mayor has over the following aspects of your local police department?
Response options: [A great deal of control, Some control, Very little control, No control]
|
mayor_policediscrim (_n, _oc)
|
|
How likely police officers are to discriminate against some groups
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,601
|
mayor_policefair (_n, _oc)
|
|
How fairly police officers treat people
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,602
|
mayor_policehire (_n, _oc)
|
|
How many officers are on the police force
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,595
|
mayor_policepatrol (_n, _oc)
|
|
How often the police patrol through your neighborhood
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,601
|
mayor_policespeed (_n, _oc)
|
|
How fast the police respond if you call 911
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,597
|
mayor_policeuseforce (_n, _oc)
|
|
How frequently police officers use force against civilians
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,602
|
Additional items on federalism and local control:
fed_influence (_n, _oc)
|
What’s going on in Washington D.C. influences how I think about local political issues in [sample_frame]. [Strongly agree, Somewhat agree, Somewhat disagree, Strongly disagree]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,566
|
local_say (_n, _oc)
|
How much would you say the political system in [sample_frame] allows people like you to have a say in what the government does? [A great deal, A fair amount, Some, Not very much, None at all]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,596
|
Whether the respondent believes the state government should be able to override local laws in various policy areas:
Should your state government be able to override local laws when it comes to the following policy matters?
Response options: [Yes, No]
|
state_preempt_discrim (_n, _oc)
|
|
Anti-discrimination ordinances
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,664
|
state_preempt_guns (_n, _oc)
|
|
Gun control
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,667
|
state_preempt_minwage (_n, _oc)
|
|
Minimum Wage
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,677
|
state_preempt_rent (_n, _oc)
|
|
Rent control
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,674
|
state_preempt_tax (_n, _oc)
|
|
Tax cuts or increases
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,674
|
state_preempt_workers (_n, _oc)
|
|
Worker protections
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,675
|
state_preempt_zoning (_n, _oc)
|
|
Zoning and development
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,671
|
Political Participation
In the past 3 months, have you done any of the following activities in your town or city?
Response options: [Yes, No]
|
participate_donatel (_n, _oc)
|
|
Given money to a local candidate running for public office
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,478
|
participate_protest (_n, _oc)
|
|
Attended a protest, rally, or demonstration
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,467
|
participate_rallycand (_n, _oc)
|
|
Gone to any political meetings, rallies, speeches, or fundraisers in support of a particular local candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,495
|
participate_rallyissue (_n, _oc)
|
|
Gone to any political meetings or rallies focused on a local political issue
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,481
|
participate_sign (_n, _oc)
|
|
Worn a local candidate’s campaign button, put their campaign sticker on your car, or placed their campaign sign in your window or in front of your house
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,470
|
participate_talklocal (_n, _oc)
|
Talked to any people and try to show them why they should vote for or against one of the local candidates up for election in [year]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,481
|
participate_workcand (_n, _oc)
|
|
Done any other work for one of the parties or local candidates
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 29,480
|
Self-reported voter registration status, turnout in recent elections, mode of voting, and wait times.
registered_to_vote (_n, _oc)
|
|
Are you registered to vote? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 28,516
|
turnout_2016 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2016 elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 9,730
|
turnout_2020 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2020 elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 23,002
|
turnout_2021 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the [April/November] 2021 local election? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 4,745
|
turnout_2021_statelocal (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2021 state and local elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2021
|
N Valid: 901
|
turnout_2022 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2022 elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2022
|
N Valid: 10,343
|
turnout_2023 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2023 elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2023
|
N Valid: 1,683
|
turnout_2024 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2024 general election? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,385
|
turnout_2025 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in the November 2025 elections? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,154
|
votemode (_n, _oc)
|
|
Did you vote in person on Election Day, in person before Election Day, or by mail (that is, absentee or vote by mail)? [In person on Election Day, o In person before Election Day (early), Vote by mail (or absentee), Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 17,683
|
votewait (_n, _oc)
|
|
Approximately, how long did you have to wait in line to vote? [None, Less than 10 minutes, 10 to 30 minutes, 30 minutes to 1 hour, 1 to 2 hours, More than 2 hours, Don’t know]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 11,918
|
Vote Choice: Presidential
Self-reported presidential vote choice. The _name columns contain candidate names, _dem and _rep are binary indicators for voting Democratic or Republican, and voted_for_pres_YYYY_bin indicates whether the respondent reported voting for any candidate (1) or not voting (0).
votechoice_pres_2016_name
|
|
2016 presidential vote [Clinton, Trump, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 6,341
|
votechoice_pres_2020_name
|
|
2020 presidential vote [Biden, Trump, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 17,182
|
votechoice_pres_2020_dem
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for Biden in 2020
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 16,329
|
votechoice_pres_2020_rep
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for Trump in 2020
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 16,329
|
votechoice_pres_2024_name
|
|
2024 presidential vote [Harris, Trump, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,750
|
votechoice_pres_2024_dem
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for Harris in 2024
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,708
|
votechoice_pres_2024_rep
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for Trump in 2024
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,708
|
voted_for_pres_2016_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a presidential candidate in 2016, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 6,341
|
voted_for_pres_2020_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a presidential candidate in 2020, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 17,182
|
voted_for_pres_2024_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a presidential candidate in 2024, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,750
|
Vote Choice: Federal & State
Self-reported vote choice for U.S. House, U.S. Senate, and gubernatorial races. The _party columns contain party labels [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote] rather than candidate names.
votechoice_gov_party
|
|
Party of the respondent’s gubernatorial vote choice [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,666
|
votechoice_gov_dem
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Democratic gubernatorial candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,666
|
votechoice_gov_rep
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Republican gubernatorial candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,666
|
voted_for_gov_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a gubernatorial candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,983
|
votechoice_sen_party
|
|
Party of the respondent’s U.S. Senate vote choice [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 8,310
|
votechoice_sen_dem
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Democratic Senate candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 8,310
|
votechoice_sen_rep
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Republican Senate candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 8,310
|
voted_for_sen_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a Senate candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 8,887
|
votechoice_sen_2020_gaspecial
|
|
Vote choice in the 2020 Georgia special Senate election [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 328
|
votechoice_sen_2020_la
|
|
Vote choice in the 2020 Louisiana Senate election [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021
|
N Valid: 153
|
votechoice_house_party
|
|
Party of the respondent’s U.S. House vote choice [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 11,697
|
votechoice_house_dem
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Democratic House candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 11,697
|
votechoice_house_rep
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for the Republican House candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 11,697
|
voted_for_house_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary indicator: 1 = voted for a House candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022
|
N Valid: 12,347
|
Vote Choice: Local
Self-reported vote choice for local offices: mayor, sheriff, prosecutor, and county executive. The _name columns contain candidate names, _party contains party labels, and _dem, _rep, and _inc are binary indicators for Democratic, Republican, and incumbent vote choice respectively.
votechoice_mayor_name
|
|
Name of the mayoral candidate the respondent voted for (open text)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,100
|
votechoice_mayor_party
|
|
Party of the mayoral candidate (in partisan races) [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,299
|
votechoice_mayor_dem
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Democratic mayoral candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,456
|
votechoice_mayor_rep
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Republican mayoral candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,456
|
votechoice_mayor_inc
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the incumbent mayor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 3,520
|
voted_for_mayor_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for a mayoral candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,110
|
votechoice_mayor_runoff_austin_name
|
|
Vote choice in the December 2022 Austin mayoral runoff [Kirk Watson, Celia Israel]
|
|
Waves: nov_2022
|
N Valid: 94
|
votechoice_mayor_runoff_laredo_name
|
|
Vote choice in the December 2022 Laredo mayoral runoff [Victor Treviño, Mercurio Martinez III]
|
|
Waves: nov_2022
|
N Valid: 35
|
votechoice_sheriff_name
|
|
Name of the sheriff candidate the respondent voted for (open text)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 13,197
|
votechoice_sheriff_party
|
|
Party of the sheriff candidate [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 13,211
|
votechoice_sheriff_dem
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Democratic sheriff candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,910
|
votechoice_sheriff_rep
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Republican sheriff candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,883
|
votechoice_sheriff_inc
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the incumbent sheriff
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 3,099
|
voted_for_sheriff_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for a sheriff candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 13,265
|
votechoice_prosecutor_name
|
|
Name of the prosecutor/DA candidate the respondent voted for (open text)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,095
|
votechoice_prosecutor_party
|
|
Party of the prosecutor candidate [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 3,765
|
votechoice_prosecutor_dem
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Democratic prosecutor candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,712
|
votechoice_prosecutor_rep
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Republican prosecutor candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,660
|
votechoice_prosecutor_inc
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the incumbent prosecutor
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,060
|
voted_for_prosecutor_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for a prosecutor candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,122
|
votechoice_countyexec_name
|
|
Name of the county executive candidate the respondent voted for (open text)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,729
|
votechoice_countyexec_party
|
|
Party of the county executive candidate [Democrat, Republican, Someone Else, No Vote]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,707
|
votechoice_countyexec_dem
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Democratic county executive candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 826
|
votechoice_countyexec_rep
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the Republican county executive candidate
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 826
|
votechoice_countyexec_inc
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for the incumbent county executive
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 668
|
voted_for_countyexec_bin (_bin)
|
|
Binary: 1 = voted for a county executive candidate, 0 = did not vote
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,733
|
Perceived Partisanship
What is the party affiliation of each of the following figures?
Response options: [Democrat, Republican, Something Else] [Don’t know]
|
place_pid_biden
|
|
Perceived party of Joe Biden
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 19,003
|
place_pid_trump
|
|
Perceived party of Donald Trump
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 24,088
|
place_pid_harris
|
|
Perceived party of Kamala Harris
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 5,620
|
place_pid_gov
|
|
Perceived party of the respondent’s governor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 21,734
|
place_pid_sen_1
|
|
Perceived party of U.S. Senator 1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,579
|
place_pid_sen_2
|
|
Perceived party of U.S. Senator 2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,178
|
place_pid_mayor
|
|
Perceived party of the respondent’s mayor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 10,875
|
place_pid_sheriff
|
|
Perceived party of the respondent’s sheriff
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 10,618
|
place_pid_prosecutor
|
|
Perceived party of the respondent’s prosecutor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 11,495
|
place_pid_countyexec
|
|
Perceived party of the respondent’s county executive
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 881
|
place_pid_mayor_cand_1
|
|
Perceived party of mayoral candidate 1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 4,060
|
place_pid_mayor_cand_2
|
|
Perceived party of mayoral candidate 2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 7,006
|
place_pid_sheriff_cand_1
|
|
Perceived party of sheriff candidate 1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,477
|
place_pid_sheriff_cand_2
|
|
Perceived party of sheriff candidate 2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,249
|
place_pid_prosecutor_cand_1
|
|
Perceived party of prosecutor candidate 1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,979
|
place_pid_prosecutor_cand_2
|
|
Perceived party of prosecutor candidate 2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 3,045
|
place_pid_countyexec_cand_1
|
|
Perceived party of county executive candidate 1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 189
|
place_pid_countyexec_cand_2
|
|
Perceived party of county executive candidate 2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,267
|
Correct partisan placement indicators (pid_accurate_*_bin): Binary variables [1 = correct, 0 = incorrect] indicating whether the respondent correctly identified the party of each official or candidate. Available only when the official’s actual party is known.
pid_accurate_biden_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed Biden as Democrat
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 20,284
|
pid_accurate_trump_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed Trump as Republican
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 26,477
|
pid_accurate_harris_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed Harris as Democrat
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,129
|
pid_accurate_gov_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed governor’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,796
|
pid_accurate_sen_1_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed Senator 1’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,808
|
pid_accurate_sen_2_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed Senator 2’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,878
|
pid_accurate_mayor_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed mayor’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 600
|
pid_accurate_sheriff_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed sheriff’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 2,258
|
pid_accurate_prosecutor_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed prosecutor’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 1,697
|
pid_accurate_mayor_cand_1_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed mayoral candidate 1’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,594
|
pid_accurate_mayor_cand_2_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed mayoral candidate 2’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,325
|
pid_accurate_sheriff_cand_1_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed sheriff candidate 1’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,377
|
pid_accurate_sheriff_cand_2_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed sheriff candidate 2’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,897
|
pid_accurate_prosecutor_cand_1_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed prosecutor candidate 1’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,726
|
pid_accurate_prosecutor_cand_2_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed prosecutor candidate 2’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,697
|
pid_accurate_countyexec_cand_1_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed county executive candidate 1’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 289
|
pid_accurate_countyexec_cand_2_bin (_bin)
|
|
Correctly placed county executive candidate 2’s party
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 289
|
Perceived Ideology
How would you describe the following people?
Response options: [Very liberal, Liberal, Moderate, Conservative, Very conservative] [Don’t know]
|
place_ideo_biden (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of Joe Biden
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 16,828
|
place_ideo_trump (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of Donald Trump
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 19,877
|
place_ideo_harris (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of Kamala Harris
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 3,483
|
place_ideo_gov_inc (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of the respondent’s governor (incumbent)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 18,363
|
place_ideo_sen_1_inc (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of U.S. Senator 1 (incumbent)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 16,507
|
place_ideo_sen_2_inc (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of U.S. Senator 2 (incumbent)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 16,095
|
place_ideo_mayor_inc (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of the respondent’s mayor (incumbent)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 10,479
|
place_ideo_mayor_cand_1 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of mayor_cand_1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,625
|
place_ideo_mayor_cand_2 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of mayor_cand_2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,381
|
place_ideo_sheriff (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of the respondent’s sheriff
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 10,400
|
place_ideo_sheriff_cand_1 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of sheriff_cand_1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,506
|
place_ideo_sheriff_cand_2 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of sheriff_cand_2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,932
|
place_ideo_prosecutor (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of the respondent’s prosecutor
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 10,378
|
place_ideo_prosecutor_cand_1 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of prosecutor_cand_1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,691
|
place_ideo_prosecutor_cand_2 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of prosecutor_cand_2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 1,595
|
place_ideo_countyexec (_n, _oc)
|
|
Perceived ideology of the respondent’s county executive
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 813
|
place_ideo_countyexec_cand_1 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of countyexec_cand_1
|
|
Waves: nov_2020
|
N Valid: 182
|
place_ideo_countyexec_cand_2 (_n, _oc)
|
Perceived ideology of countyexec_cand_2
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 2,432
|
Health Behaviors
Questions about smoking history and COVID-19 vaccination status.
smoked100 (_n, _oc)
|
|
Have you smoked at least 100 cigarettes in your lifetime? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 4,767
|
smokenow (_n, _oc)
|
Do you currently smoke cigarettes? [Yes, No] (asked only of those who answered Yes to smoked100)
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 2,935
|
covid_vaccinated (_n, _oc)
|
|
Have you personally received the COVID-19 vaccine, or not? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 25,377
|
covid_vaxdose (_n, _oc)
|
|
How many doses of the COVID-19 vaccine have you received? [1, 2, 3, 4 or more]
|
|
Waves: nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 13,974
|
COVID-19 Attitudes
Attitudes toward COVID-19 and related government responses.
As you may know, some state and local governments have taken certain actions in response to the coronavirus and are considering other actions. Do you support or oppose the following actions?
Response options: [Strongly support, Somewhat support, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose][Don’t know]
|
covidresp_cancelmtgs (_n, _oc)
|
|
Cancel all meetings or gatherings of more than 10 people, like sports events, concerts, conferences, etc.
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021
|
N Valid: 4,151
|
covidresp_closebiz (_n, _oc)
|
|
Close certain businesses where larger numbers of people gather, like theaters, bars, restaurants, etc.
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021
|
N Valid: 4,142
|
covidresp_closeschool (_n, _oc)
|
|
Close schools and universities
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021
|
N Valid: 4,105
|
covidresp_schoolmasks (_n, _oc)
|
|
Require students in schools to wear masks
|
|
Waves: nov_2021
|
N Valid: 5,403
|
covidresp_hcvaccine (_n, _oc)
|
|
Require groups like healthcare workers to get the COVID-19 vaccine
|
|
Waves: nov_2021
|
N Valid: 5,369
|
covid_concern (_n, _oc)
|
|
How concerned are you about coronavirus here in the United States? [Very concerned, Somewhat concerned, Not very concerned, Not at all concerned]
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023
|
N Valid: 24,537
|
covidresp_vaccine_mandate (_n, _oc)
|
|
Now thinking about President Biden’s new plan to deal with the coronavirus, do you favor or oppose the following element of that plan? Requiring companies with 100 or more employees to have all their employees vaccinated against COVID-19, or be tested weekly for it [Strongly favor, Somewhat favor, Somewhat oppose, Strongly oppose]
|
|
Waves: nov_2021
|
N Valid: 5,901
|
City-Specific Questions
Questions asked only of respondents in specific cities.
minneapolis_defund (_n, _oc)
|
|
Should the City of Minneapolis create a Department of Public Safety combining public safety functions through a comprehensive public health approach, and remove the Police Department, and its chief, from the City Charter? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2021
|
N Valid: 90
|
nyc_q2 (_n, _oc)
|
|
New York City Question 2: Should New York City fast track publicly financed affordable housing by reducing review time by the Board of Standards and Appeals and the City Planning Commission but removing City Council review? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 338
|
nyc_q3 (_n, _oc)
|
|
New York City Question 3: Should New York City simplify review for limited land-use changes, including small housing and infrastructure projects, by removing City Council review but maintaining Community Board and City Planning Commission review? [Yes, No]
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 335
|
Screener & Attention Checks
Attention check items embedded throughout the survey to assess respondent quality. Each scr_pass variable is binary [1 = passed, 0 = failed].
scr_pass1
|
|
Passed attention check 1 (People are very busy these days and many do not have time to follow what goes on in the government. We are testing whether people read questions. To show that you’ve read this much, answer both ‘extremely interested’ and ‘very interested.’)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 33,375
|
scr_pass2
|
|
Passed attention check 2 (Federal policy battery: select ‘Somewhat oppose’)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 32,100
|
scr_pass3
|
|
Passed attention check 3 (Federal spending battery: select ‘Decreased’)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 31,617
|
scr_pass4
|
|
Passed attention check 4 (Local policy battery: select ‘Favor’)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 30,782
|
scr_pass5
|
|
Passed attention check 5 (Which of the following is your favorite color? To show you are paying attention, please select blue.)
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,935
|
scr_pass6
|
|
Passed attention check 6 (Local policy battery: select ‘Strongly oppose’
|
|
Waves: nov_2025
|
N Valid: 6,629
|
scr_pass_all
|
|
Total number of attention checks passed (0–6)
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 34,106
|
scr_pass_rescale
|
|
Proportion of attention checks passed out of checks the respondent was shown (0–1); rescaled by the number of non-missing items
|
|
Waves: nov_2020, april_2021, nov_2021, nov_2022, nov_2023, nov_2025
|
N Valid: 33,381
|
Variable Coverage Check
All 384 base variables in the guidebook are documented in this codebook.
Appendix: Sampled Elections
For each survey wave, the table below shows which elections respondents were asked about. P indicates a partisan election and NP indicates a nonpartisan election.
November 2020 — 28 sample frames, N = 4,643
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
Baltimore
|
MD
|
160
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Baton Rouge
|
LA
|
140
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Cobb County
|
GA
|
164
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Cook County
|
IL
|
138
|
P
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
El Paso
|
NM
|
159
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Gilbert
|
AZ
|
4
|
P
|
|
NP
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Hamilton County
|
OH
|
166
|
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Harris County
|
TX
|
140
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Honolulu
|
HI
|
153
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Irvine
|
CA
|
112
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Lake County
|
IL
|
154
|
P
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Los Angeles County
|
CA
|
170
|
|
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
Maricopa County
|
AZ
|
94
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Miami-Dade County
|
FL
|
171
|
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
National
|
—
|
1,119
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
|
Oakland County
|
MI
|
134
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Phoenix
|
AZ
|
62
|
P
|
|
NP
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Pinellas County
|
FL
|
147
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Portland
|
OR
|
140
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Riverside
|
CA
|
147
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Salt Lake County
|
UT
|
151
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
San Diego
|
CA
|
160
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Santa Ana
|
CA
|
68
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Scottsdale
|
AZ
|
9
|
P
|
|
NP
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Stockton
|
CA
|
149
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Tarrant County
|
TX
|
155
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Virginia Beach
|
VA
|
129
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Winston-Salem
|
NC
|
148
|
P
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
April 2021 — 1 sample frame, N = 189
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
St. Louis
|
MO
|
189
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
November 2021 — 32 sample frames, N = 6,206
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
Albuquerque
|
NM
|
100
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Atlanta
|
GA
|
183
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Bergen County
|
NJ
|
170
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Boston
|
MA
|
121
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Buffalo
|
NY
|
77
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Camden County
|
NJ
|
177
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Chesapeake
|
VA
|
101
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Cincinnati
|
OH
|
122
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Cleveland
|
OH
|
153
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Detroit
|
MI
|
181
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Durham
|
NC
|
71
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Erie County
|
NY
|
168
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Essex County
|
NJ
|
120
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Jersey City
|
NJ
|
58
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Kansas City
|
KS
|
60
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Miami
|
FL
|
65
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Minneapolis
|
MN
|
101
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Nassau County
|
NY
|
185
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
National
|
—
|
2,215
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Orleans
|
LA
|
68
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
New York City
|
NY
|
194
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
New York County
|
NY
|
196
|
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
Norfolk
|
VA
|
99
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Overland Park
|
KS
|
58
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Philadelphia County
|
PA
|
179
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Pittsburgh
|
PA
|
178
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Richmond
|
VA
|
130
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Seattle
|
WA
|
110
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
P
|
|
|
St. Petersburg
|
FL
|
176
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Suffolk County
|
NY
|
155
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Toledo
|
OH
|
164
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Virginia Beach
|
VA
|
71
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
November 2022 — 60 sample frames, N = 11,771
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
Ada County
|
ID
|
133
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Adams County
|
CO
|
129
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Alamance County
|
NC
|
143
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Alameda County
|
AL
|
207
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
Allen County
|
IN
|
154
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Anaheim
|
CA
|
112
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Arapahoe County
|
CO
|
155
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Austin
|
TX
|
333
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Bernalillo County
|
NM
|
162
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Bexar County
|
AZ
|
154
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Chula Vista
|
CA
|
104
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Clark County
|
NV
|
174
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Cook County
|
IL
|
168
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Corpus Christi
|
TX
|
127
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Dallas County
|
TX
|
161
|
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Dane County
|
WI
|
150
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Douglas County
|
NE
|
153
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Durham County
|
NC
|
140
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
El Paso County
|
CO
|
157
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Fayette County
|
KY
|
155
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Forsyth County
|
NC
|
145
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Guilford County
|
NC
|
165
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Harris County
|
TX
|
164
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
Hennepin County
|
MN
|
182
|
|
P
|
|
NP
|
NP
|
|
|
Hudson County
|
FL
|
138
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Irvine
|
CA
|
148
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Jacksonville
|
FL
|
171
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Jefferson County
|
AL
|
164
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
King County
|
WA
|
164
|
P
|
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
Lancaster County
|
NE
|
132
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Laredo
|
TX
|
62
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Lexington
|
KY
|
171
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Little Rock
|
AR
|
139
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Long Beach
|
CA
|
148
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Los Angeles
|
CA
|
164
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
NP
|
|
|
|
Maricopa County
|
AZ
|
163
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Marion County
|
IN
|
177
|
P
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Mobile County
|
AL
|
150
|
P
|
P
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Multnomah County
|
OR
|
154
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
NP
|
|
National
|
—
|
2,529
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
|
North Las Vegas
|
NV
|
140
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Oakland
|
CA
|
134
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Oklahoma County
|
OK
|
162
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Pinellas County
|
FL
|
186
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Polk County
|
IA
|
157
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Raleigh
|
NC
|
181
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Reno
|
NV
|
139
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
San Bernardino
|
CA
|
124
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
San Diego County
|
AL
|
225
|
P
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
San Francisco
|
AL
|
230
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
San Jose
|
CA
|
161
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Santa Ana
|
CA
|
98
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Spokane County
|
WA
|
162
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
St. Louis County
|
MO
|
165
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
Tallahassee
|
FL
|
152
|
P
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Tarrant County
|
TX
|
159
|
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
Trenton
|
NJ
|
96
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Wake County
|
NC
|
157
|
P
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Washington
|
DC
|
179
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Wayne County
|
MI
|
163
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
November 2023 — 10 sample frames, N = 1,963
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
Aurora
|
CO
|
188
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Baton Rouge
|
LA
|
185
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Charlotte
|
NC
|
203
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Chicago
|
IL
|
204
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Dallas
|
TX
|
187
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Denver
|
CO
|
212
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Houston
|
TX
|
169
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Memphis
|
TN
|
221
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Tucson
|
AZ
|
212
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Wichita
|
KS
|
182
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
November 2025 — 34 sample frames, N = 7,863
|
City / County
|
State
|
N
|
Senate
|
Gov.
|
Mayor
|
Sheriff
|
Prosecutor
|
County Exec.
|
|
Albuquerque
|
NM
|
161
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Atlanta
|
GA
|
190
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Boston
|
MA
|
164
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Bucks County
|
PA
|
153
|
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
Buffalo
|
NY
|
197
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Charlotte
|
NC
|
209
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Chesapeake
|
VA
|
96
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
Cincinnati
|
OH
|
192
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Cleveland
|
OH
|
214
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Delaware County
|
PA
|
162
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Detroit
|
MI
|
235
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Durham
|
NC
|
115
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Erie County
|
PA
|
148
|
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
Greensboro
|
NC
|
220
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Hialeah
|
FL
|
68
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Hudson County
|
NJ
|
159
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Jersey City
|
NJ
|
169
|
|
P
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Kansas City
|
KS
|
92
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
King County
|
WA
|
186
|
|
|
|
|
|
NP
|
|
Lehigh County
|
PA
|
161
|
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
Miami
|
FL
|
93
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Minneapolis
|
MN
|
188
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Monmouth County
|
NJ
|
146
|
|
P
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
Nassau County
|
NY
|
185
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
National
|
—
|
2,346
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
|
New Orleans
|
LA
|
173
|
|
|
P
|
P
|
|
|
|
New York City
|
NY
|
223
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
New York County
|
NY
|
171
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Newport News
|
VA
|
129
|
|
P
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
Philadelphia County
|
PA
|
212
|
|
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
Pittsburgh
|
PA
|
220
|
|
|
P
|
|
|
|
|
Seattle
|
WA
|
182
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
St. Paul
|
MN
|
149
|
|
|
NP
|
|
|
|
|
Virginia Beach
|
VA
|
155
|
|
P
|
|
NP
|
NP
|
|
P = Partisan NP = Nonpartisan
This codebook was generated from the ALES data pipeline on February 09, 2026. For questions or to report errors, contact the ALES research team.